Will COP 19 sharpen focus on tropical peatlands and mangrove ecosystems?

Daniel Murdiyarso, Center for International Forestry Research and Boone Kauffman, Oregon State University

High Carbon ecosystems such as peatlands and mangroves are increasingly attracting the attention they deserve for climate change adaptation and mitigation.

Scientists and climate change policymakers gathered at a workshop in Bonn late last month to discuss the state of knowledge on ‘ecosystems with high-carbon reservoirs not covered by other agenda items under the Convention (UNFCCC)’.

Behind that technical workshop title lies an important development: high-carbon ecosystems such as peatlands and mangroves are increasingly — and finally — attracting the attention they deserve in the international arena. More importantly, they are on the way to assuming their rightful place in countries’ climate change mitigation and adaptation strategies.

This sharpening focus on tropical peatlands and mangroves could enrich the debate on the Kyoto Part-2, in which developing nations housing the ecosystems could participate. Moreover, this low-hanging fruit seems attractive for dual or even multiple objectives in climate change mitigation and adaptation. So will COP 19 turn its attention to these high carbon ecosystems?

The Bonn workshop was organized by the UNFCCC/SBSTA (UN Framework Convention on Climate Change / Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice), in response to a request by the Parties at last year’s Conference of the Parties (COP) to the UNFCCC in Doha, Qatar.

The purpose of the workshop was to raise awareness among UNFCCC delegates of the values of these ecosystems — namely tropical peatlands, mangroves and other coastal ecosystems, temperate peatlands and permafrost ecosystems — given their large carbon stocks and potential emissions arising from land use change.

The Bonn workshop featured presentations by scientists from research institutions and intergovernmental organizations, all of whom are working to provide credible, up-to-date scientific information on the dynamics of carbon stocks and greenhouse gas emissions from these ecosystems.

The workshop was especially timely in light of the adoption of the so-called ‘Wetlands Supplement’, formally the ‘2013 Supplement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Inventories: Wetlands’, just one week earlier. The supplement was the result of three years’ work by scientists appointed by governments and observer institutions.

The Center for International Forestry Research, and its US Forest Service partner under the USAID-funded Sustainable Wetlands Adaptation and Mitigation Program (SWAMP), provided significant relevant information for both the IPCC and UNFCCC processes. We were also among those invited to the workshop in Bonn to present our findings for tropical peatlands and mangroves.

The main messages we conveyed — and plan to keep on conveying — are that tropical peatlands and mangroves:

• Have exceptionally high carbon stocks – among the highest of any ecosystem on Earth.
• Are subject to alarmingly high rates of land cover change and deforestation because of agriculture and aquaculture developments.
• Emit substantial amounts of greenhouse gases, which means their conversion results in a much greater decrease in carbon stocks than conversion of upland forests.
• Provide numerous ecosystem services that are vital to the sustainability of local communities, livelihoods and infrastructure.
• The measurement (monitoring), reporting and verification (MRV) of the carbon stocks and emissions is now possible.

The Wetlands Supplement will guide countries to do better MRV in estimating greenhouse gas emissions and removals, according to IPCC Good Practice Guidance. Among the data presented at the workshop were the higher Tier emission factors to be adopted for those estimations.

In addition, as our presentations showed, peatlands and mangroves offer services and benefits, especially for local communities, that have major economic, social and ecological values. For example, these tropical wetlands provide a wide range of ecosystem services: not only do they regulate the climate by storing large amounts of carbon, they also provide food, fuel, fresh water and fiber and, in the case of mangroves, protect coastlines from high waves and storm surges.

It’s easy to see, then, that tropical wetlands are of immense value to people not only for their carbon stocks and climate change mitigation, but also for their adaptation potential.

Once these ecosystem services are fully identified, monetary values must be assigned to them. This would make these ecosystems more attractive for climate change mitigation actions, and could provide a means by which the potential benefits and synergies between adaptation and mitigation actions within high-carbon ecosystems, now recognized, can be truly realized.